Comparative Analysis of Channel Estimation Techniques in SISO, MISO and MIMO Systems

The ever-growing need for high data rate, bandwidthefficiency, reliability, less complexity and less power consumptionin our communication systems is on the increase.Modern techniques have to be developed and put in place tomeet these requirements. Research has shown, that compared toconventional Single input Single output (SISO) systems, MultipleinputSingle output (MISO), and Multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) can actually increase the data rate of a communicationsystem, without actually requiring more transmit power orbandwidth. This paper aims at the investigation of the existingchannel estimation techniques. Based on the pilot arrangement,the block type and comb type are compared, employing theLeast Square estimation (L.S) and Minimum Mean SquaredError (MMSE) estimators. Pilots occupy bandwidth, minimizingthe number of pilots used to estimate the channel, in orderto allow for more bandwidth utilization for data transmission,without compromising the accuracy of the estimates is takeninto consideration. Various channel interpolation techniques andpilot-data insertion ratio are investigated, simulated and compared,to determine the best performance technique with lesscomplexity and minimum power consumption. As performancemeasures, the Mean squared error (MSE) and Bit error rate(BER) as a function of Signal to noise power ratio (SNR) ofthe different channel estimation techniques are plotted, in orderto identify the technique with the most optimal performance.The complexity and energy efficiency of the techniques are alsoinvestigated. The system modelling and simulations are carriedout using Matlab simulation package. The MIMO gives theoptimum performance, followed by the MISO and SISO. Thisis as a result of the diversity and multiplexing gain experiencedin the multiple antenna techniques using the STBC

Development Of An Electronic Fare Collection System Using Stationary Tap-Out Devices

The peculiar nature of emerging economies means that established technology must be developed with the constraints and limitations of these locations in view. This paper presents the development of an Electronic Fare Collection system using Contactless smart cards. Electronic fare collection system are commonly integrated with public transit networks such as the bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Light Rail Transit (LRT) services in major cities worldwide. However, in deploying such systems in an emerging economy like Nigeria, unique consideration has to be given with regards to power management, robustness and availability. The system developed consists of a mobile tap-in device connected to a bus, a stationary tap-out device to be situated at a specific bus stop and a web server on the cloud for coordination and off site monitoring. The stationary tap-out device used consists of a proximity card reader (or an RFID reader) connected to a computing unit linked with a display, outdoor power provision (source) and data transmission capability. A program was developed to capture data from randomly applied proximity cards (or RFID cards) and to transmit same periodically to a remote location for use by the system. The system developed is able to sustain itself for a long period of time from available power supply, it also proves robust enough from a software and hardware perspective. Lastly its availability is proven even when data transmission capability proves erratic

Development of an Encrypting System for an Image Viewer based on Hill Cipher Algorithm

Security breaches to personal computing devices, cloud storage accounts, portable media devices are rampant in today’s world. Also, Increased intrusions into corporate servers and employee workstations often times lead to the unwarranted exposure of an individual or corporate secret and a breach to privacy. Information leaked through such intrusions and breaches especially images are often times in the public terrain without a user’s or corporate consent. This breaches are due to a variety of reasons including internal saboteurs, theft, social engineering or a computer security attack. At times other crimes like fraud, blackmail, kidnapping and assassinations may follow. This study presents the development of an Encryption system in an Image Viewer Application. Encrypting Images before storage or transfer to any platform helps limit risk when images are stolen or leaked. The image viewer was designed in C#.NET using the Hill Cipher algorithm for Image Encryption and Decryption. The results for images are shown to be good for two image samples. However, low key image samples produce a better result after Encryption. In general, Encryption of user generated images is a vital security strategy and a good option to have to prevent against a growing number of threats

Electronic Fare Collection Systems in Public Transits: Issues, Challenges and Way-Forward

With an estimated 174 million in 2013, Nigeria is faced with innumerable challenges. One of such challenges is ensuring that public transit systems within its metropolitan areas are fast and effective. Our system of interest is the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system. This paper looks at the present challenges in deploying Electronic Fare Collection Systems for the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in Lagos state, Nigeria. The study sampled commuters with questionnaires administered using a simple random sampling technique. The study also interviewed a representative of the Electronic Fare Collection System Technology Provider (e-Purse). Findings revealed commuter’s adoption of Electronic Fare Collection System remains low due to amongst other factors a lack of knowhow on the smart card usability. We propose an extended technical requirement for the Fare Collection system as well as modifications of the Lagos BRT policies that will ensure its effectiveness

An improved Bank Credit Scoring Model A Naïve Bayesian Approach

Credit scoring is a decision tool used by organizations to grant or reject credit requests from their customers. Series of artificial intelligent and traditional approaches have been used to building credit scoring model and credit risk evaluation. Despite being ranked amongst the top 10 algorithm in Data mining, Naïve Bayesian algorithm has not been extensively used in building credit score cards. Using demographic and material indicators as input variables, this paper investigate the ability of Bayesian classifier towards building credit scoring model in banking sector

Performance Analysis and Modeling of MIMO Systems

In this paper, various channel estimation, interpolation and equalization techniques used in the analysis of MIMO configurations or formats are compared and the technique with the optimum performance determined. The channel estimation of these configurations were determined by modelling and simulating them in a wireless environment using MATLAB software. The figure of Merits used are the BER and MSE as a function of the SNR. The study revealed that MIMO is a more energy efficient technique since it achieved a good BER performance at lower transmit SNR, when compared to the MISO and SISO which requires higher SNR to achieve at same BER performance. This is as a result of the diversity and multiplexing gain experienced in the multiple antenna techniques using the STB

Comparative analysis of routing techniques in chord overlay network

Overlay networks are not a new field or area of study. This domain of computing will someday drive P2P systems in various application areas such as block-chain, energy trading, video multicasting, and distributed file storage. This study highlights the two widely known methods of routing information employed in one of such overlay networks called chord. In this study, simulations of both routing modes (iterative and recursive) and their variations under no-churn (leaving and joining of nodes) and churn conditions was carried out. The routing parameter (successor list size) was varied for each of the routing techniques in a simulation study. The results obtained show that semi recursive routing gives a better routing performance under churn scenarios

Performance Benchmarking of Key-Value Store NoSQL Databases

Increasing requirements for scalability and elasticity of data storage for web applications has made Not Structured Query Language NoSQL databases more invaluable to web developers. One of such NoSQL Database solutions is Redis. A budding alternative to Redis database is the SSDB database, which is also a key-value store but is disk-based. The aim of this research work is to benchmark both databases (Redis and SSDB) using the Yahoo Cloud Serving Benchmark (YCSB). YCSB is a platform that has been used to compare and benchmark similar NoSQL database systems. Both databases were given variable workloads to identify the throughput of all given operations. The results obtained shows that SSDB gives a better throughput for majority of operations to Redis’s performance

A Plan for Igniting Nigeria’s Industrial Revolution

The Industrialization of countries is in every way influenced by forerunner nations. This is exemplified in Western Europe’s copying of Britain’s technology and manufacturing systems. This work presents a study of the industrialization of nations such as Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and several other industrializing countries and the lessons learned revealed that the industrialization of these nations was based on initial imitative-reverse-engineering of products of forerunner nations which then leads to endogenous growth and the onset of innovation under certain constraints. This is a strategic form of import substitution and is in fact the model around which a plan for Nigeria’s Industrialization has been buil

Comparative Analysis of Channel Estimation Techniques in SISO, MISO and MIMO Systems

The ever-growing need for high data rate, bandwidth efficiency, reliability, less complexity and less power consumption in our communication systems is on the increase. Modern techniques have to be developed and put in place to meet these requirements. Research has shown, that compared to conventional Single input Single output (SISO) systems, Multipleinput Single output (MISO), and Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) can actually increase the data rate of a communication system, without actually requiring more transmit power or bandwidth. This paper aims at the investigation of the existing channel estimation techniques. Based on the pilot arrangement, the block type and comb type are compared, employing the Least Square estimation (L.S) and Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) estimators. Pilots occupy bandwidth, minimizing the number of pilots used to estimate the channel, in order to allow for more bandwidth utilization for data transmission, without compromising the accuracy of the estimates is taken into consideration. Various channel interpolation techniques and pilot-data insertion ratio are investigated, simulated and compared, to determine the best performance technique with less complexity and minimum power consumption. As performance measures, the Mean squared error (MSE) and Bit error rate (BER) as a function of Signal to noise power ratio (SNR) of the different channel estimation techniques are plotted, in order to identify the technique with the most optimal performance. The complexity and energy efficiency of the techniques are also investigated. The system modelling and simulations are carried out using Matlab simulation package. The MIMO gives the optimum performance, followed by the MISO and SISO. This is as a result of the diversity and multiplexing gain experienced in the multiple antenna techniques using the STBC